CS 100: Roadmap toComputingWinter2017-2018Lecture0Python Data Types (I)
Introduction to Computing Using Python
Python Data Types (I)
Expressions, Variables, and AssignmentsIntegersFloatsBooleansStrings
Introduction to Computing Using Python
What this course is about
Thinking algorithmically
Analgorithmis a precise, step-by-step solution to a problem
Designing computational models
Acomputational modelis a simplified description of some piece of theworld,using exactly defineddata typesandactions
A program iswritten in acomputer language(e.g., Python) and implements analgorithm
Writing programs
Introduction to Computing Using Python
Our tools
A computer language (Python)
Instant task: Go to python.org and read aboutthe language, see how to download Python
The Python shell
Instant task: start the Python shell and type in a few expressions
Instant task: open a new window, write some text and save the file
The Python editor
Introduction to Computing Using Python
Computer language v. natural language
Natural language (e.g., English, Arabic, Chinese)
Very many wordsEvolved, not designed. Meaning is derivedbyassociation and usage.Has grammaticalstructure, but very permissive of mistakes, variation and ambiguityMeant for a human being
Very fewwords (a few dozen in Python)Meaning isexact and is assigned by the language designerVery persnickety aboutaccuracy. A single mistake destroys the correctness of a program.Can be executed by aspecial type of machine (a computer)
Programming (computer) language
Introduction to Computing Using Python
Arithmetic data types
Counting type (int)
A type of thing that is discrete and can be countedSimilar to the integer inmathematicsThe value is made up of the digits 0-9 and (optionally) a sign>>>numberOfLittlePigs=3>>>numberOfLittlePigs3>>>type(numberOfLittlePigs)class<'int'>
Canhave anon-unitvalueSimilar to(but not exactly the same as) a decimal numberinmathematicsThe value is made up ofthedigits0-9, a decimal pointand(optionally) a sign>>>pi =3.14159>>>type(pi)class<'float'>
Floating-point arithmetic type
Introduction to Computing Using Python
Arithmetic expressions
>>> 2 + 35>>> 7 - 52>>> 2*(3+1)8>>> 5/22.5>>> 5//22>>> 14//34>>> 14%32>>> 2**38>>> abs(-3.2)3.2>>> min(23,41,15,24)15>>> max(23,41,15,24)41
The Pythoninteractive shell can be usedto evaluate arithmetic expressions
14//3is the quotient when14is divided by3and14%3is the remainder. Note: // is integer division.
2**3is2to the power3
abs(),min(), andmax()arefunctionsabs()takes a number as input and returns its absolute (unsigned) valuemin()(resp.,max()) takes an arbitrary number of inputs and return the “smallest” (“largest”) among them
Introduction to Computing Using Python
Boolean (logical,T/F) data type
In addition to algebraic expressions,Python can evaluate Boolean (T/F) expressionsA Boolean expressionevaluates toTrueorFalseBoolean expressions often involve comparison operators<,>,==,!=,<=, and>=
>>> 2 < 3True>>> 2 > 3False>>> 2 == 3False>>> 2 != 3True>>> 2 <= 3True>>> 2 >= 3False>>> 2+4 == 2*(9/3)True
In an expression containing arithmetic and comparison operators:Arithmetic operators are evaluated firstComparison operators are evaluated next
Introduction to Computing Using Python
Boolean operators
Python can evaluate more complex Boolean expressionsEvery Boolean expressionevaluates toTrueorFalseBoolean expressions may be combined using Boolean operatorsand,or, andnot
>>> 2<3 and 3<4True>>> 4==5 and 3<4False>>> False and TrueFalse>>> True and TrueTrue>>> 4==5 or 3<4True>>> False or TrueTrue>>> False or FalseFalse>>> not(3<4)False>>>not(True)False>>>not(False)True>>> 4+1==5 or 4-1<4True
In a an expression containing algebraic,comparison, and Boolean operators:Algebraic operators are evaluated firstComparison operators are evaluated nextBoolean operators are evaluated last
Introduction to Computing Using Python
Exercise
>>> 25 - 214>>> 14.99 + 27.95 + 19.8362.769999999999996>>> 20*15300>>> 2**101024>>> min(3,1,8,-2,5,-3,0)-3>>> 3 == 4-2False>>> 17//5 == 3True>>> 17%5 == 3False>>> 284%2 == 0True>>> 284%2 == 0 and 284%3 == 0False>>> 284%2 == 0 or 284%3 == 0True
Translate the following into Python algebraic or Boolean expressions and then evaluate them:The difference between Annie’s age (25) and Ellie’s (21)The total of $14.99, $27.95, and $19.83The area of a 20 x 15 rectangle2 to the 10thpowerThe minimum of 3, 1, 8, -2, 5, -3, and 03 equals 4-2The value of 17//5 is 3The value of 17%5 is 3284 is even284 is even and 284 is divisible by 3284 is even or 284 is divisible by 3
Introduction to Computing Using Python
Variables and assignments
<variable> = <expression>
Just as in algebra, a value can be assignedto a variable (name), such asx
When variablexappears inside an expression, it evaluates to its assigned value
A variable (name) does not exist until it is assigned
The assignment statement has the format<expression>is evaluated first, and the resulting value is assigned to variable<variable>
>>>x= 3>>>x3>>> 4*x16>>>yTraceback(most recent call last):File "<pyshell#59>", line 1, in <module>yNameError: name 'y' is not defined>>>y= 4*x>>>y16.0
Introduction to Computing Using Python
Naming rules
(Variable) names can contain thesecharacters:athroughzAthroughZthe underscore character_digits0through9
Names cannot start with a digit. Names canstart with a capital letter or underscore, butdon't do it.
For a multiple-word name, useeither the underscore as the delimiterorcamelCasecapitalization
Meaningful names are important. They makeyour program more readable by a humanbeing (such as you).
>>> my_x2 = 21>>> my_x221>>> 2x = 22SyntaxError: invalid syntax>>>new_temp= 23>>>newTemp= 23>>> counter = 0>>> temp = 1>>> price = 2>>> age = 3
"Hello, World!"
Introduction to Computing Using Python
Text data type (string)
In addition to number and Boolean values, Python support string values
A string value is represented as a sequence of characters enclosed within single or doublequotes
'Hello, World!'
A string value can be assigned to a variable
String values can be manipulated usingstring operators and functions
>>> 'Hello, World!''Hello, World!'>>> s = 'rock'>>> t = 'climbing'>>>s + ' ' + t>>> rock climbing
Introduction to Computing Using Python
String operators
>>> s = 'rock'>>>t= 'climbing'>>>s== 'rock'True>>>s!=tTrue>>> s < t #explain this answer!False>>>s>tTrue>>>s+t'rockclimbing'>>>s+ ' ' +t'rock climbing'>>> 5 *s'rockrockrockrockrock'>>> 20 * '_''____________________'>>> 'o' insTrue>>> 'o' intFalse>>> 'bi' intTrue>>>len(t)8
>>help(str)Help on classstrin modulebuiltins:classstr(object)|str(string[, encoding[, errors]]) ->str...
To view alloperators, use thehelp()tool
Introduction to Computing Using Python
Exercise
Write Python expressions that create stringss1 ('good'),s2 ('bad'), ands3('silly')that correspond to:'ll'appears ins3the blank space does not appear ins1the concatenation ofs1,s2, ands3the blank space appears in the concatenation ofs1,s2, ands3the concatenation of 10 copies ofs3the total number of characters in the concatenation ofs1,s2, ands3
>>> s1'good'>>> s2'bad'>>> s3'silly'>>> 'll' in s3True>>> ' ' not in s1True>>> s1 + s2 + s3'goodbadsilly’>>> ' ' in s1 + s2 + s3False>>> 10*s3'sillysillysillysillysillysillysillysillysillysilly'>>> len(s1+s2+s3)12>>>
Introduction to Computing Using Python
Index and indexing operator
'A'
'p'
'p'
'l'
'e'
s[0]
s[1]
s[2]
s[3]
s[4]
s=
0
1
3
4
2
The index of an item in a sequence is its position with respect to the first itemThe first item has index 0The second has index 1The third has index 2 …
The indexing operator[]takes a indexiand returns a substring consisting of the single character at indexi
>>>s= 'Apple'>>> s[0]'A'>>> s[1]'p'>>> s[4]'e'
'Apple'
Introduction to Computing Using Python
Negative index
'A'
'l'
'e'
s[-1]
s[-2]
s[-5]
s=
0
1
3
4
2
'Apple'
A negative index is used to specify a position with respect to the “end”The last item has index -1The second to last item has index -2The third to last item has index -3 …
-5
-4
-2
-1
-3
>>>s= 'Apple'>>> s[-1]'e'>>> s[-2]'l'>>> s[-5]'A'
Introduction to Computing Using Python
Exercise
Stringsis defined to be'abcdefgh'Write expressions usingsand the indexing operator[]that return the following strings:'a''c''h''f'
>>> s = 'abcdefgh'>>> s[0]'a'>>> s[2]'c'>>> s[7]'h'>>> s[-1]'h'>>> s[-3]'f'>>>
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